An analysis of multi-level collaborative initiatives on sustainable energy in Europe

A polycentric, multi-scale, climate governance framework is developing in parallel to the negotiations for a credible global agreement. Subnational governments are increasingly engaged to contribute to climate mitigation. Local climate action is particularly evident in Europe, where regional and municipal institutions are often designing, implementing and monitoring sustainable energy policies, plans and actions in a cooperative way. Strengths and weaknesses of multi-level cooperation initiatives on sustainable energy in Europe are assessed thanks to data collected through the European project Coopenergy. Political commitment emerges as a major driver for successful cooperation, while lack of funding is recognized as a major barrier.