Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunology and Vestibular Disorders : a perspective study

Psycho‐Neuro‐Endocrine‐Immunology (PNEI) is a scientific field of study that investigates the link between the bidirectional communication between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems and the correlation of this interaction with physical health. The innovative medical approach of PNEI represents a "paradigm shift" from a "compartmentalized" - strictly biomedical and largely pharmacology‐focused - view of health and disease, to a more multi‐systemic view, which relies on the integration of interdisciplinary approaches. The key element of the PNEI approach is the concept of a bidirectional dialogue between the psycho‐neuro‐endocrine and immune systems. In this manuscript, the PNEI hypothesis is considered in application to various peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Overall, this study offers an overview of holistic approaches in the treatment of patients with vestibular disorders. [Testo dell'editore]